Impact of Agritechnologies on the Biomass and Nutritional Parameters of Crops: A Study of Corn, Soybean, and Pea in Southeast Kazakhstan

Abstract

The study investigates the impact of various agritechnologies on the biomass and nutritional parameters of corn, soybean, and winter pea cultivated in Southeast Kazakhstan. This research is particularly relevant given the significant challenges facing agriculture in Kazakhstan, including soil degradation, reduced arable land, and the need for sustainable farming practices. Organic and traditional farming methods were evaluated for their effectiveness in enhancing crop productivity and quality. The study was conducted in the Almaty region on grey soils with low humus content (1.3–1.5%). Experimental plots included seven farming practices, incorporating organic and mineral fertilizers, crop residues, and cover crops. Morphological, biomass, and nutritional characteristics, such as protein, fat, fiber, and starch content, were assessed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and correlation analysis. The results demonstrated significant differences in crop quality and productivity depending on the farming methods. Soybeans grown under organic farming exhibited higher protein (38.51%) and fat (18.42%) content compared to traditional methods (36.15 and 17.11%, respectively). Winter pea stood out with a protein content of 25.68% in grains and a high fiber level of 33.61% in straw. Corn maintained a stable starch content (~53%) across all systems, highlighting its adaptability. Correlation analyses revealed strong relationships between plant biomass components and yield parameters, such as the number of pods and seed weight per plant (r = 0.89, p<0.01). Additionally, organic practices enhanced soil microbial activity, promoting sustainable agricultural systems. These findings underscore the potential of organic farming to improve crop quality, enhance soil health, and support sustainable agriculture, making it a viable strategy for addressing environmental and agricultural challenges in Kazakhstan.